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Author’s Last Name, First Initial(s). (Date). Title of article. Name of Website. URL
Barden, B. (2020, March 14). The actor who was really stabbed on stage. BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/stories-51878964
(Barden, 2020)
Author’s Last Name, First Initial(s). (Date). Title of webpage. Name of Website. URL
World Wide Web Consortium. (2022, June 29). W3C accessibility standards overview. W3C Web Accessibility Initiative. https://www.w3.org/WAI/standards-guidelines/#intro
Parenthetical: First time: (World Wide Web Consortium [W3C], 2022); 2nd time (W3C, 2022)
Narrative: First time: "... as mentioned by the World Wide Web Consortium [W3C] (2022),"; 2nd time: "... as mentioned by W3C (2022),"
Group Author Name. (Date). Title. URL
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, October 11). Foods that can cause food poisoning. https://www.cdc.gov/foodsafety/foods-linked-illness.html
First citation: (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2019)
Subsequent citations: (CDC, 2019)
Do not create references or in-text citations for whole websites. To mention a website in general, provide the name of the website in the text and include the URL in parentheses.
The team utilized PubMed for their research project (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/).
Author. (Date). Title (Version Number). URL
ChatGPT Example:
OpenAI. (2023). ChatGPT (Mar 14 version) [Large language model]. https://chat.openai.com/chat
Gemini Example:
Google. (2024). Gemini (Mar 6 version) [Large language model]. https://gemini.google.com/
ChatGPT Example: When asked to explain quantum computing in simple terms, OpenAI’s ChatGPT described it as a "type of computing that uses the principles of quantum mechanics to process information” (2023).
Narrative in-text citation used above. Parenthetical in-text citation: (OpenAI, 2023)
Gemini Example: When prompted to briefly describe CSS, Google's Gemini described it as "CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It's like the paintbrush for websites, used to control how web pages look and behave." (2024).
Narrative in-text citation used above. Parenthetical in-text citation: (Google, 2024)
Artist’s Last Name, First Initial(s). (Date). Title [Description]. Source, Location. URL
Shaunessy, M.R. (n.d.) Babi Yar [photograph]. Creative Commons. https://ccsearch.creativecommons.org/photos/104d40e9-c2e3-4274-bed7-d71103f64126
(Shaunessy, n.d.)
[Title][Description]. (Date). Source, Location. URL
[Maimonides teaches about the 'measure of men'][Manuscript illumination]. (1347). Wikimedia Commons. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Measure_of_men.jpg
([Maimonides teaches], 1347)
Author’s Last Name, First Initial(s). (Date). Title [Video]. URL
Braxman, R. (2019, February 26). What is the best browser for internet privacy? [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZTXGUjHTJc
(Braxman, 2019)
Name of agency. (Date). Title. URL
National Endowment for the Arts. (2020). How do we read? Let’s count the ways: Comparing digital, audio, and print-only readers. https://www.arts.gov/sites/default/files/How%20Do%20We%20Read%20report%202020.pdf
Company Name. (Date). Report name. URL
General Motors. (2020). Form 10-K. https://investor.gm.com/static-files/6e1cc515-418e-4c5b-9526-f8ea41e02aef
Author’s Last Name, First Initial(s). (Date). Title [White paper]. Organization Name. URL
Wildlife Habitat Council. (2021). Supporting the global pollinator population through local action [White paper]. https://www.wildlifehc.org/knowledge-resource/white-paper-supporting-the-global-pollinator-population-through-local-action/
Rappaport Clark, J., & Irvin, B. (2008). Wildlife conservation of federal public lands [White paper]. Defenders of Wildlife. https://defenders.org/publications/wildlife-conservation-federal-public-lands-white-paper
(Rappaport Clark & Irvin, 2008)
Author. (Date). Title of entry. In Name of reference work. URL
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Cat. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary. Retrieved March 31, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cat
(Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
Title. (Date). In Wikipedia. Retrieval date from URL
List of Breweries in Michigan. (2020, February 23). In Wikipedia. Retrieved April 5, 2024 from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_breweries_in_Michigan
(“List of Breweries in Michigan,” 2020)
Last name, First initial. [username]. (Date). Title [Online forum post]. Name of Website. URL
Carter, L. [OfficialLyndaCarter]. (2020, November 18). I'm Lynda Carter, Wonder Woman actress & singer. Ask me anything! [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/jwjaq4/im_lynda_carter_wonder_woman_actress_singer_ask/
(Carter, 2020)
username. (Date). Title [Online forum post]. Name of Website. URL
carbonclasssix. (2020, December 2). Seeing depression in the pupil; study proves correlation [Online forum post]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/science/comments/k5azru/seeing_depression_in_the_pupil_study_proves/
(carbonclasssix, 2020)
Last name, First initial. [username]. (Date). Text of comment up to 20 words [Comment on the online forum Title of forum]. Name of Website. URL
Carter, L. [OfficialLyndaCarter]. (2020, November 18). I have quite a collection of memorabilia! I have the original costume, bracelets, boots, everything. The costume was actually on [Comment on the online forum post I'm Lynda Carter, Wonder Woman actress & singer. Ask me anything!]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/jwjaq4/im_lynda_carter_wonder_woman_actress_singer_ask/gcqi5jz/?utm_source=reddit&utm_medium=web2x&context=3
(Carter, 2020)
username. (Date). Text of comment up to 20 words [Comment on the online forum Title of forum]. Name of Website. URL
sovereignbiopolitic. (2020, November 18). How can people support biodiversity and/or reforestation in their daily life? [Comment on the online forum post I am an ecologist exploring the role forests play in tackling climate change. Ask me anything!]. Reddit. https://www.reddit.com/r/IAmA/comments/jwhvgc/i_am_an_ecologist_exploring_the_role_forests_play/gcqel1f/?utm_source=reddit&utm_medium=web2x&context=3
(sovereignbiopolitic, 2020)
Individual or Group Author. (date). Title of document or report. Advertising Age. http://www.adage.com
Advertising Age Datacenter. (2018, August 7). Hispanic fact pack 2018. Advertising Age. http://www.adage.com
(Advertising Age Datacenter, 2018)
Name of report: Name of geographic region(s) [Explanatory note]. (date). Gale Business: Demographics Now. Retrieved retrieval date, from URL of database homepage
Business comparison: 48906 Lansing, 48910 Lansing, 48911 Lansing, 48912 Lansing, 48915 Lansing, 48917 Lansing, 48933 Lansing [Demographic data]. (n.d.). Gale Business: Demographics Now. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.gale.com/c/business-demographicsnow
(“Business Comparison,” n.d.)
Name of Company [Company profile]. (date). Business Insights: Global. Retrieved retrieval date, from URL of database homepage
General Motors Company [Company profile]. (n.d.). Business Insights Global. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.gale.com/c/business-insights-global
(“General Motors Company,” n.d.)
Name of chart: List of companies, countries, or industries [Comparison chart]. (date). Business Insights Global. Retrieved retrieval date, from URL of database homepage
Revenue by company: General Motors Company and Ford Motor Company [Comparison chart]. (n.d.). Business Insights Global. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.gale.com/c/business-insights-global
(“Revenue by Company,” n.d.)
Name of topic [Topic overview]. (Publication Year). Name of Database. URL of database homepage
Author’s last name, First initial(s). (Publication Year). Name of topic [Topic overview]. Name of Database. URL of database homepage
Cyberbullying [Topic overview]. (2020). Gale In Context: Global Issues. https://www.gale.com/c/in-context-global-issues
Lerner, K. L. (2019). Designer babies [Topic overview]. Gale In Context: Science. https://www.gale.com/c/in-context-science
(Cyberbullying,
2020)
(Lerner, 2019)
Report Author. (date). Report title (Report number). IBISWorld. URL of database homepage
Fernandez, C. (2020, March). Paint manufacturing in the US (US Industry Report 32551). IBISWorld. https://my.ibisworld.com/
(Fernandez, 2020)
Name of Report [Explanatory note]. (Year of Publication). Dun & Bradstreet Key Business Ratios. URL of database homepage
SIC: 10-metal mining [Industry report]. (2018). Dun & Bradstreet Key Business Ratios. https://www.mergentkbr.com/
(SIC: 10-Metal Mining,
2018)
Name of Company [Company report]. (date). Mergent Online or Mergent Intellect. Retrieved retrieval date, from URL of database homepage.
Steelcase Inc. [Company report]. (n.d.). Mergent Online. Retrieved June 4, 2020, from https://www.mergentonline.com/login.php
(Steelcase Inc.,
n.d.)
Analyst’s last name, First initial. (Publication date). Title of report [Industry report]. Mintel. URL of database homepage
Failla, J. (2019, July). Coffee – US [Industry report]. Mintel. https://www.mintel.com/
(Failla, 2019)
Mintel. (Publication date). Title of report [Data book]. URL of database homepage
Mintel. (2022, August). Coffee and RTD coffee - US - 2022 [Data book]. https://www.mintel.com
(Mintel, 2022)
Mintel. (Publication date). Title of report (Section of report) [Data set]. URL of database homepage
Mintel. (2022, August). Coffee and RTD coffee - US - 2022 (Interactive databook: Creamer usage demographics) [Data set]. https://www.mintel.com
(Mintel, 2022)
When creating a citation that requires a page number, use the "Full Report" instead of the individual section pdfs. This will save you the trouble of having to add the section name to the citation.
Morningstar. (Publication Date). Title of report [Explanatory note]. Morningstar Investment Research. Retrieved retrieval date, from url
Morningstar. (2022, February 4). Nike Inc Class B NKE [Equity report]. Morningstar Investment Research. Retrieved February 7, 2022, from https://ar.morningstar.com/mirc/equity/sal.aspx?s=200100C033#Morningstar_Report
(Morningstar, 2022)
Use the full date, not just the year, because the report is updated throughout the year. The stocks part of the report is updated frequently. Because of those constantly changing updates, you need to include the retrieved from date and URL.
Analyst’s last name, First Initial. (Publication Date). Title of report [Explanatory note]. Morningstar Investment Research. Url of database homepage
Swartz, D. (2022, January 4). Wide-moat Nike’s powerful brand and e-commerce position it well despite some short-term issues [Equity analyst report]. Morningstar Investment Research. https://ar.morningstar.com
(Swartz, 2022)
Because the analyst reports are only included in this database, you need to mention the database. Because the date is fixed, you don't need the date retrieved statement and just the main database URL.
Author’s Last Name, First Initial(s). (Year of Publication). Entry title. In Editor’s First Intital(s). Last Name(s) (Ed.), E-book title. Publisher Name.
Issitt, M. L. (2016). 3-D printing. In D. Franceschetti (Ed.), Principles of Computer Science. Salem Press.
(Issitt, 2016)
Author. (Date). Title [Data or Table]. Sports Market Analytics. Retrieved Retrieval date from URL of database homepage
National Sporting Goods Association. (n.d.). Youth sports: Ages 7-17 as % of participants, by sport [Data]. Sports Market Analytics. Retrieved August 12, 2020 from https://www.sportsmarketanalytics.com/home.aspx
(National Sporting Goods Association, n.d.)
Title. (Date). Name of Article Series. URL of database homepage
Nike employees march at headquarters for women’s rights. (2019, December 10). SGB Update. https://www.sportsmarketanalytics.com/home.aspx
(Nike Employees,
2019)
Most articles in SMA do not have authors listed. When that happens, the title goes in the Author position.
Statista. (date). Title of survey question: Country, year of survey [Survey question]. https://www.statista.com
Statista. (2022). Attitudes toward food: United States, 2022 – update 3 [Survey question]. https://www.statista.com
(Statista, 2022)
See Journal Articles with DOI if your article includes a doi.
Author. (Date). Title [Video]. Source. URL
Tompkins, K. (2020, April). Let’s make the world wild again [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/kristine_tompkins_let_s_make_the_world_wild_again
(Tompkins, 2020)
TED. (2016, April 6). Tim Urban: Inside the mind of a master procrastinator [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=arj7oStGLkU
(TED, 2016)
Author. (Date). Title. Name of Site. URL
Tucker, N. (2020, July 21). Can I copyright this? Library of Congress Blog. https://blogs.loc.gov/loc/2020/07/can-i-copyright-this/
Parenthetical citation: (Tucker, 2020)
Narrative citation: Tucker (2020)
Ouellette, J. (2019, November 15). Physicists capture first footage of quantum knots unraveling in superfluid. Ars Technica. https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/11/study-you-can-tie-a-quantum-knot-in-a-superfluid-but-it-will-soon-untie-itself/
Parenthetical citation: (Ouellette, 2019)
Narrative citation: Ouellette (2019)
Author. (Date). Name of webinar [Webinar]. Name of Organization. URL
Dale, L. & Fink, M. (2020, May 5). Data for decision making [Webinar]. Infopeople. https://infopeople.org/civicrm/event/info?reset=1&id=895
(Dale & Fink, 2020)
Names of Executive Producers (Executive Producers). (Year range of show). Title [TV Series]. Production Company(s).
Schur, M., Miner, D., Sackett, M. & Goddard, D. (Executive Producers). (2016-2020). The good place [TV Series]. Fremulon; 3 Arts Entertainment; Universal Television.
(Schur et al., 2016-2020)
Note: If the series is still airing, use present in place of the second year in the range. Separate the names of production companies with a semicolon.
Contributor names (Roles in parentheses). (Date of episode). Title of episode (Season number, Episode number) [TV series episode]. In First Initial(s). Last Name(s) (Executive Producer), Title of Series. Production Company or Companies.
Schur, M. (Writer), & Goddard, D. (Director). (2016, September 19). Pilot (Season 1, Episode 1) [TV series episode]. In M. Schur, D. Miner, M. Sackett, & D. Goddard (Executive Producers), The good place. Fremulon; 3 Arts Entertainment; Universal Television.
(Schur & Goddard, 2016)
Note: Format the names of executive producers the same way you would format the editors of a book. Separate the names of production companies with a semicolon.
Author. (Date). [Description of map]. Retrieved date from url
Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving between the Davenport University Grand Rapids and Lansing campuses]. Retrieved April 30, 2020 from https://goo.gl/maps/sQv9FU1EXB54Rbv18
(Google, n.d.)
Author. (Date). Title [Map]. Publisher. URL
Potter Park Zoo. (n.d.). Potter Park Zoo [Map]. https://potterparkzoo.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/PPZ-2019-Map.pdf
(Potter Park Zoo, n.d.)