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In-text citations direct the reader to a specific source on your references page.
Author | Parenthetical Citation | Narrative Citation |
---|---|---|
One author | (Smith, 2019) | According to Smith (2019)... |
Two authors | (Smith & Hill, 2018) | As Smith and Hill (2018) say... |
Three or more authors | (Smith et al., 2020) | Similar to Smith et al. (2020)... |
Group author | (Davenport University, n.d.) | According to Davenport University (n.d.)... |
Group author with an abbreviation |
First citation: (American Civil Liberties Union [ACLU], 2020) Subsequent citations: (ACLU, 2020) |
First citation: As the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU, 2020) writes... Subsequent citations: According to the ACLU (2020)... |
Whole edited book | Editor cited like author within in-text citation. (Eastman, 2017) See Book with Editors |
Editor cited like author within in-text citation. As Eastman (2017) says... See Book with Editors |
Author within edited book | Section author cited like regular author within in-text citation: (Nichols, 2017) See Chapter in an Edited Book |
Section author cited like regular author within in-text citation: According to Nichols (2017)... See Chapter in an Edited Book |
See also Author/Authors page.
If you name the author in your sentence, you need to include the publication year in parenthesis.
If you do not include the author’s name in the sentence, place the author’s name and year in parenthesis at the end of your sentence.
See also Author/Authors page.
If there are 2 authors, type both names every time you cite the source.
If there are 3 or more authors, use the first author’s name and et al.
When citing a source written by a group author, write out the full name of the group. If the organization has a common abbreviation, it should be added in brackets in the first citation, and then used in later citations.
If no author is listed use a shortened version of the title in quotations.
2019
; Reference list: 2019, May 18
n.d.
when there's no date.in press
when works are accepted for publication, but not yet publishedIf you are quoting, you also need to include the page or paragraph number where the quote can be found. This is similarly encouraged (though not necessarily required) when paraphrasing to help guide the reader to the relevant passage.
Paraphrasing.
A direct quotation reproduces words verbatim from another work or from your own previously published work.(APA Style's,
Quotations). Always cite with quotation marks. See APA Style's,
Quotations.
Include the first initial and last name of the person interviewed, the words, “personal communication,” and the date of the interview. Personal communication is not added to the References list.
Works cited in another source (also called, "indirect sources") are sources referenced outside their original location (e.g. a speech or book quoted in a different book). To cite these, mention the original author in the body of your paper, then cite and reference in APA format the secondary work that quoted the original.
First Author said that... (as cited in Second Author, year)
Johnson argued that... (as cited in Smith, 2018)